Summary
Investigation into gorilla habituation (i.e. a process used to make gorillas less sensitive to humans, often for the purpose of science or tourism) in Bwindi National Park, Uganda, recognised gorillas to be ‘multiple.’ Where gorillas need to be understood beyond their species membership, and include their active intricate relations with one another, and other species both human and non-human.(List human habituation with gorillas). The authors also recognised gorillas’ agency. Through their thorough investigation into the nature of gorilla habituation, they found that gorillas are not passive to human control through habituation; instead, habituation itself is a complex relational dynamic affecting both humans and gorillas. Understanding of such relational dynamics is limited without further investigation. Moving forward, the authors advocate for necessary focus on the dynamics which gorillas hold with their landscapes rather than merely as human dependent species, in order to understand the extent of gorilla agency when adapting to the confronting issues facing Bwindi.
Discussions of gorilla habituation often emphasise human control of gorillas, whereby gorillas are usually singularly defined by their species membership. This perspective leaves little room for imagining the role of gorillas in habituation, conservation and tourism development processes. In this paper, we use insights from Actor Network Theory and more-than-human geography to explore and reconstruct the practice of gorilla habituation in order to understand gorillas as actors in habituation, conservation and tourism development at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (hereafter Bwindi), Uganda. To do so, we use the concept of relational animal agency to trace the various ways in which gorillas interact with each other, various groups of people, and their environment. Ethnographic observations, unstructured interviews and document study indicate that gorillas are ‘multiple’ and thus need to be understood beyond their species membership alone. They are involved in intricate relations with each other, with other non-human and human subjects, and their shared environment. Furthermore, gorillas are not completely and passively controlled by humans through habituation: we argue that habituation as a relational process is more complex. Gorillas also habituate other gorillas and arguably can be seen to habituate humans as well. As a result, gorillas co-produce multiple versions of the Bwindi landscape, of conservation, tourism and development practices, as well as multiple ways of being gorillas. Based on these insights, we argue that instead of focusing on control, the dynamics between gorillas and their landscapes could be harnessed to explore a dynamic range of possibilities for living together with gorillas, while continuously adapting to issues that will arise in places such as Bwindi.